De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem, published in 1597 by Gaspare Tagliacozzi, is widely recognised as one of the earliest detailed works on reconstructive surgery. This poster looks at the text from the perspective of early surgical practice, focusing mainly on Tagliacozzi’s techniques for nasal and facial reconstruction and why they were important at the time. Facial injuries were common in the late sixteenth century due to violence, infection, as well as punishment in many cases, and there were limited options available for restoring function or appearance. Tagliacozzi’s use of staged flap surgery, particularly the arm flap for nasal reconstruction, represented a major step forward in operative planning and postoperative care. The poster also considers how these procedures were received by patients and society during the renaissance period. Although the techniques were innovative, they were controversial, and Tagliacozzi faced criticism from both religious and medical authorities. This highlights ongoing tensions that still exist in surgery today, including concerns about interfering with the natural body and balancing function with appearance. From a modern surgical perspective, many of Tagliacozzi’s principles—such as tissue transfer, immobilisation, and respect for wound healing—remain relevant. Overall, De Curtorum Chirurgia demonstrates that many ideas central to modern plastic and reconstructive surgery were already being developed over 400 years ago. Reviewing this text helps place contemporary surgical practice in historical context and shows how current techniques evolved from early experimental approaches.